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<br>Announced in 2016, [trademarketclassifieds.com](https://trademarketclassifieds.com/user/profile/2672496) Gym is an open-source Python library developed to assist in the advancement of reinforcement knowing algorithms. It aimed to standardize how environments are specified in [AI](https://posthaos.ru) research study, making released research more quickly reproducible [24] [144] while supplying users with an easy user interface for engaging with these environments. In 2022, [brand-new advancements](https://git.epochteca.com) of Gym have been moved to the [library Gymnasium](https://git.xjtustei.nteren.net). [145] [146]
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<br>Gym Retro<br>
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<br>Released in 2018, Gym Retro is a platform for reinforcement knowing (RL) research on computer game [147] utilizing RL algorithms and research [study generalization](https://carepositive.com). Prior RL research focused mainly on optimizing agents to fix single jobs. Gym Retro gives the capability to generalize between video games with similar ideas but different looks.<br>
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<br>RoboSumo<br>
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<br>Released in 2017, RoboSumo is a virtual world where humanoid metalearning [robot agents](https://gigsonline.co.za) at first do not have knowledge of how to even walk, however are given the goals of discovering to move and to push the opposing agent out of the ring. [148] Through this adversarial knowing process, the agents discover how to adjust to changing conditions. When a representative is then gotten rid of from this virtual environment and put in a new virtual environment with high winds, the representative braces to remain upright, suggesting it had learned how to [balance](https://git.mae.wtf) in a generalized method. [148] [149] OpenAI's Igor Mordatch argued that competitors between agents could create an intelligence "arms race" that could increase an agent's capability to work even outside the context of the competitors. [148]
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<br>OpenAI 5<br>
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<br>OpenAI Five is a team of 5 OpenAI-curated bots used in the competitive five-on-five video game Dota 2, that find out to play against human gamers at a high skill level entirely through experimental algorithms. Before becoming a group of 5, the first public demonstration took place at The International 2017, the [annual premiere](http://110.41.19.14130000) champion tournament for the game, where Dendi, a professional Ukrainian gamer, lost against a bot in a live individually match. [150] [151] After the match, CTO Greg Brockman explained that the bot had found out by playing against itself for 2 weeks of actual time, which the [learning software](http://git.pushecommerce.com) application was an action in the [direction](https://choosy.cc) of developing software application that can [manage complex](https://www.graysontalent.com) jobs like a surgeon. [152] [153] The system uses a kind of reinforcement learning, as the bots find out by [playing](https://vmi456467.contaboserver.net) against themselves numerous times a day for months, and are rewarded for actions such as [killing](http://47.119.27.838003) an enemy and taking map objectives. [154] [155] [156]
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<br>By June 2018, the ability of the bots expanded to play together as a complete group of 5, and they had the ability to defeat groups of amateur and semi-professional players. [157] [154] [158] [159] At The International 2018, OpenAI Five played in two exhibition matches against [professional](http://git.ai-robotics.cn) gamers, however wound up losing both games. [160] [161] [162] In April 2019, OpenAI Five defeated OG, the reigning world champions of the video game at the time, 2:0 in a live exhibit match in San Francisco. [163] [164] The bots' final public appearance came later on that month, where they played in 42,729 total video games in a four-day open online competition, winning 99.4% of those video games. [165]
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<br>OpenAI 5's mechanisms in Dota 2's bot gamer shows the challenges of [AI](https://uspublicsafetyjobs.com) systems in multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) video games and how OpenAI Five has actually shown the usage of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) agents to attain superhuman skills in Dota 2 matches. [166]
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<br>Dactyl<br>
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<br>Developed in 2018, [genbecle.com](https://www.genbecle.com/index.php?title=Utilisateur:JulieBrower730) Dactyl utilizes machine finding out to train a Shadow Hand, a human-like robot hand, to manipulate physical things. [167] It finds out completely in simulation using the same [RL algorithms](http://lophas.com) and training code as OpenAI Five. OpenAI took on the object orientation problem by utilizing domain randomization, a simulation technique which exposes the learner to a variety of experiences rather than attempting to fit to reality. The set-up for Dactyl, aside from having movement tracking electronic cameras, also has RGB video cameras to allow the robot to control an approximate things by seeing it. In 2018, OpenAI showed that the system had the ability to [manipulate](https://3.223.126.156) a cube and an octagonal prism. [168]
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<br>In 2019, OpenAI demonstrated that Dactyl could solve a [Rubik's Cube](http://93.104.210.1003000). The robot was able to resolve the puzzle 60% of the time. Objects like the Rubik's Cube present complicated physics that is harder to design. OpenAI did this by enhancing the effectiveness of Dactyl to perturbations by utilizing Automatic Domain Randomization (ADR), a simulation technique of creating progressively more tough environments. ADR differs from manual domain randomization by not needing a human to define randomization varieties. [169]
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<br>API<br>
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<br>In June 2020, OpenAI announced a multi-purpose API which it said was "for accessing brand-new [AI](https://www.bluedom.fr) designs established by OpenAI" to let [developers](https://careers.ecocashholdings.co.zw) call on it for "any English language [AI](https://trustemployement.com) task". [170] [171]
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<br>Text generation<br>
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<br>The business has actually promoted generative pretrained transformers (GPT). [172]
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<br>OpenAI's original GPT model ("GPT-1")<br>
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<br>The original paper on generative pre-training of a [transformer-based language](https://dooplern.com) model was composed by Alec Radford and his coworkers, and released in preprint on OpenAI's website on June 11, 2018. [173] It demonstrated how a generative model of language might obtain world [knowledge](https://shareru.jp) and procedure long-range dependences by pre-training on a varied corpus with long stretches of adjoining text.<br>
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<br>GPT-2<br>
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<br>Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 ("GPT-2") is an unsupervised transformer language model and the successor to OpenAI's initial GPT model ("GPT-1"). GPT-2 was announced in February 2019, with only minimal demonstrative versions initially released to the public. The full variation of GPT-2 was not right away released due to issue about prospective abuse, [pipewiki.org](https://pipewiki.org/wiki/index.php/User:ChristenSteffan) including applications for [composing](http://www.homeserver.org.cn3000) fake news. [174] Some experts revealed uncertainty that GPT-2 presented a [considerable](https://bucket.functionary.co) risk.<br>
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<br>In action to GPT-2, the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence reacted with a tool to discover "neural fake news". [175] Other scientists, such as Jeremy Howard, warned of "the technology to absolutely fill Twitter, email, and the web up with reasonable-sounding, context-appropriate prose, which would hush all other speech and be impossible to filter". [176] In November 2019, OpenAI launched the total variation of the GPT-2 language design. [177] Several sites host interactive demonstrations of various circumstances of GPT-2 and other transformer models. [178] [179] [180]
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<br>GPT-2['s authors](http://cgi3.bekkoame.ne.jp) argue without supervision language [designs](https://media.motorsync.co.uk) to be general-purpose students, illustrated by GPT-2 attaining modern precision and perplexity on 7 of 8 zero-shot jobs (i.e. the design was not more trained on any task-specific input-output examples).<br>
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<br>The corpus it was trained on, called WebText, [wiki.snooze-hotelsoftware.de](https://wiki.snooze-hotelsoftware.de/index.php?title=Benutzer:AntonioRuse8) contains slightly 40 gigabytes of text from URLs shared in Reddit submissions with a minimum of 3 upvotes. It prevents certain issues encoding vocabulary with word tokens by using byte pair encoding. This permits representing any string of characters by encoding both specific characters and multiple-character tokens. [181]
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<br>GPT-3<br>
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<br>First explained in May 2020, Generative Pre-trained [a] Transformer 3 (GPT-3) is an unsupervised transformer language model and the follower to GPT-2. [182] [183] [184] OpenAI mentioned that the complete version of GPT-3 contained 175 billion criteria, [184] two orders of magnitude larger than the 1.5 billion [185] in the complete variation of GPT-2 (although GPT-3 models with as few as 125 million criteria were likewise trained). [186]
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<br>OpenAI mentioned that GPT-3 succeeded at certain "meta-learning" jobs and might generalize the purpose of a single input-output pair. The GPT-3 release paper gave examples of translation and cross-linguistic transfer learning between English and Romanian, and between English and German. [184]
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<br>GPT-3 significantly improved benchmark results over GPT-2. OpenAI cautioned that such scaling-up of language designs could be approaching or encountering the fundamental capability constraints of predictive language models. [187] Pre-training GPT-3 required a number of thousand petaflop/s-days [b] of calculate, [compared](https://u-hired.com) to tens of petaflop/s-days for the full GPT-2 design. [184] Like its predecessor, [174] the GPT-3 trained design was not immediately launched to the general public for concerns of possible abuse, although OpenAI prepared to enable gain access to through a paid cloud API after a two-month free private beta that started in June 2020. [170] [189]
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<br>On September 23, 2020, GPT-3 was certified solely to Microsoft. [190] [191]
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<br>Codex<br>
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<br>Announced in mid-2021, Codex is a descendant of GPT-3 that has actually in addition been trained on code from 54 million GitHub repositories, [192] [193] and is the [AI](http://www5a.biglobe.ne.jp) powering the code autocompletion tool GitHub Copilot. [193] In August 2021, an API was launched in [private](https://musixx.smart-und-nett.de) beta. [194] According to OpenAI, the design can [produce](https://www.lshserver.com3000) working code in over a dozen shows languages, a lot of successfully in Python. [192]
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<br>Several problems with problems, design defects and security vulnerabilities were cited. [195] [196]
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<br>GitHub Copilot has been implicated of producing copyrighted code, with no author attribution or license. [197]
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<br>OpenAI revealed that they would discontinue assistance for Codex API on March 23, 2023. [198]
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<br>GPT-4<br>
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<br>On March 14, 2023, OpenAI announced the release of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4), capable of accepting text or image inputs. [199] They revealed that the upgraded innovation passed a simulated law school bar examination with a score around the leading 10% of test takers. (By contrast, GPT-3.5 scored around the bottom 10%.) They said that GPT-4 might likewise read, [evaluate](http://lifethelife.com) or generate approximately 25,000 words of text, and write code in all significant programs languages. [200]
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<br>Observers reported that the model of ChatGPT utilizing GPT-4 was an enhancement on the previous GPT-3.5-based model, with the caveat that GPT-4 retained some of the issues with earlier [modifications](https://gajaphil.com). [201] GPT-4 is likewise capable of taking images as input on ChatGPT. [202] OpenAI has decreased to reveal different technical details and data about GPT-4, [wiki.whenparked.com](https://wiki.whenparked.com/User:AlisiaMcKie8883) such as the accurate size of the model. [203]
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<br>GPT-4o<br>
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<br>On May 13, 2024, OpenAI announced and launched GPT-4o, which can process and generate text, images and audio. [204] GPT-4o attained state-of-the-art lead to voice, multilingual, and vision benchmarks, setting brand-new records in audio speech recognition and translation. [205] [206] It scored 88.7% on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) standard compared to 86.5% by GPT-4. [207]
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<br>On July 18, 2024, OpenAI launched GPT-4o mini, a smaller sized version of GPT-4o changing GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT user interface. Its API costs $0.15 per million input tokens and $0.60 per million output tokens, compared to $5 and $15 respectively for GPT-4o. OpenAI expects it to be especially helpful for enterprises, startups and developers seeking to automate services with [AI](https://houseimmo.com) representatives. [208]
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<br>o1<br>
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<br>On September 12, 2024, OpenAI launched the o1-preview and o1-mini designs, [raovatonline.org](https://raovatonline.org/author/hrqjeannine/) which have actually been created to take more time to think of their reactions, resulting in higher precision. These designs are particularly effective in science, coding, and thinking tasks, and were made available to ChatGPT Plus and Staff member. [209] [210] In December 2024, o1-preview was changed by o1. [211]
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<br>o3<br>
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<br>On December 20, 2024, [OpenAI revealed](https://choosy.cc) o3, the [follower](https://africasfaces.com) of the o1 reasoning model. OpenAI also revealed o3-mini, a lighter and much faster variation of OpenAI o3. Since December 21, 2024, this design is not available for public use. According to OpenAI, they are checking o3 and o3-mini. [212] [213] Until January 10, 2025, security and security researchers had the [opportunity](https://tiwarempireprivatelimited.com) to obtain early access to these models. [214] The design is called o3 rather than o2 to avoid confusion with telecoms services company O2. [215]
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<br>Deep research<br>
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<br>Deep research is an agent developed by OpenAI, unveiled on February 2, 2025. It leverages the abilities of OpenAI's o3 design to carry out comprehensive web surfing, data analysis, and synthesis, delivering detailed reports within a timeframe of 5 to thirty minutes. [216] With browsing and Python tools made it possible for, it reached an accuracy of 26.6 percent on HLE (Humanity's Last Exam) criteria. [120]
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<br>Image classification<br>
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<br>CLIP<br>
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<br>Revealed in 2021, CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training) is a design that is trained to examine the semantic resemblance between text and images. It can significantly be used for image classification. [217]
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<br>Text-to-image<br>
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<br>DALL-E<br>
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<br>Revealed in 2021, DALL-E is a Transformer model that develops images from textual descriptions. [218] DALL-E utilizes a 12-billion-parameter version of GPT-3 to translate natural [language inputs](https://jobspage.ca) (such as "a green leather purse formed like a pentagon" or "an isometric view of a sad capybara") and create corresponding images. It can create pictures of sensible items ("a stained-glass window with a picture of a blue strawberry") in addition to objects that do not exist in truth ("a cube with the texture of a porcupine"). Since March 2021, no API or code is available.<br>
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<br>DALL-E 2<br>
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<br>In April 2022, [OpenAI revealed](https://soundfy.ebamix.com.br) DALL-E 2, an upgraded variation of the design with more reasonable outcomes. [219] In December 2022, OpenAI released on GitHub software application for Point-E, a new primary system for transforming a text description into a 3-dimensional model. [220]
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<br>DALL-E 3<br>
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<br>In September 2023, OpenAI revealed DALL-E 3, a more powerful model much better able to create images from intricate descriptions without manual prompt engineering and render complicated details like hands and [pediascape.science](https://pediascape.science/wiki/User:Jeremy54P355271) text. [221] It was [released](https://carrieresecurite.fr) to the general public as a ChatGPT Plus feature in October. [222]
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<br>Text-to-video<br>
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<br>Sora<br>
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<br>Sora is a text-to-video design that can produce videos based on short detailed prompts [223] along with extend existing videos forwards or in reverse in time. [224] It can generate videos with resolution as much as 1920x1080 or 1080x1920. The maximal length of produced videos is unidentified.<br>
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<br>Sora's advancement team named it after the Japanese word for "sky", to signify its "unlimited creative capacity". [223] Sora's innovation is an adaptation of the innovation behind the DALL · E 3 text-to-image design. [225] OpenAI trained the system utilizing publicly-available videos along with copyrighted videos certified for that purpose, however did not reveal the number or the precise sources of the videos. [223]
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<br>OpenAI demonstrated some Sora-created high-definition videos to the general public on February 15, 2024, stating that it could generate videos up to one minute long. It likewise shared a technical report highlighting the approaches utilized to train the model, and the design's capabilities. [225] It acknowledged a few of its imperfections, including struggles mimicing complicated physics. [226] Will Douglas Heaven of the MIT Technology Review called the presentation videos "impressive", however noted that they must have been cherry-picked and may not represent Sora's normal output. [225]
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<br>Despite uncertainty from some academic leaders following Sora's public demo, significant entertainment-industry figures have revealed significant interest in the innovation's potential. In an interview, actor/filmmaker Tyler Perry revealed his astonishment at the technology's ability to [generate realistic](http://git.cxhy.cn) video from text descriptions, citing its possible to transform storytelling and content production. He said that his enjoyment about Sora's possibilities was so strong that he had chosen to stop briefly prepare for expanding his Atlanta-based movie studio. [227]
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<br>Speech-to-text<br>
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<br>Whisper<br>
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<br>Released in 2022, Whisper is a general-purpose speech acknowledgment design. [228] It is trained on a big dataset of varied audio and is likewise a multi-task design that can perform multilingual [speech acknowledgment](https://karmadishoom.com) along with speech translation and language recognition. [229]
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<br>Music generation<br>
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<br>MuseNet<br>
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<br>Released in 2019, MuseNet is a deep neural net trained to forecast subsequent musical notes in MIDI music files. It can produce tunes with 10 instruments in 15 designs. According to The Verge, a tune produced by MuseNet tends to [start fairly](https://job-daddy.com) however then fall under mayhem the longer it plays. [230] [231] In popular culture, initial applications of this tool were used as early as 2020 for the internet psychological thriller Ben Drowned to create music for the titular character. [232] [233]
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<br>Jukebox<br>
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<br>Released in 2020, Jukebox is an open-sourced algorithm to create music with vocals. After training on 1.2 million samples, the system accepts a genre, artist, and a bit of lyrics and outputs song samples. OpenAI stated the tunes "reveal local musical coherence [and] follow standard chord patterns" but acknowledged that the songs lack "familiar larger musical structures such as choruses that repeat" and that "there is a substantial gap" in between Jukebox and human-generated music. The Verge mentioned "It's highly impressive, even if the outcomes sound like mushy versions of tunes that might feel familiar", while Business Insider mentioned "surprisingly, some of the resulting tunes are memorable and sound legitimate". [234] [235] [236]
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<br>User user interfaces<br>
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<br>Debate Game<br>
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<br>In 2018, OpenAI introduced the Debate Game, which teaches machines to dispute toy problems in front of a [human judge](http://www.homeserver.org.cn3000). The purpose is to research study whether such a technique may help in auditing [AI](https://www.oemautomation.com:8888) choices and in developing explainable [AI](http://www.ipbl.co.kr). [237] [238]
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<br>Microscope<br>
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<br>Released in 2020, Microscope [239] is a collection of visualizations of every considerable layer and nerve cell of 8 neural network designs which are typically studied in interpretability. [240] Microscope was developed to evaluate the features that form inside these neural networks easily. The designs consisted of are AlexNet, VGG-19, different versions of Inception, and different versions of CLIP Resnet. [241]
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<br>ChatGPT<br>
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<br>Launched in November 2022, ChatGPT is a synthetic intelligence tool constructed on top of GPT-3 that provides a conversational interface that allows users to ask concerns in natural language. The system then responds with an answer within seconds.<br>
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